Information system theory Essay

Information system theory describes about the theoretical knowledge of computer sciences. It is system that process the knowledge related to a particular study. The information system theories effectively contribute in creating, building, compiling, organizing and transferring data into the information to make better results from the research. There are several IT theories that can be used to get good outcomes such as agency theory, game theory, organizational information processing theory and knowledge-based theory of the firm (Lerner, 2004). The data, information and knowledge are quite similar words that are used in the firm. All these words have different meaning due to their use in the IT theories (Nickerson & Zenger, 2004). Data refers to the records that are used to refer the statistical observation and collection of components. Thus, data is the collection of evidence that is used to record for the purpose of firm. On the other hand, information is the process that is used in different forms. Generally, information is considered as the meaningful data that are appropriately converted and managed by the organizational managers with the use of conversion process. It is perceived as potentially signifying something and a process of informing that is used to develop sustainable resources. †¨At the same time, knowledge describes about what someone knows, what they believe etc. Knowledge is the relationship between data and its elements that are collected from the information. Thus, knowledge is proper collection of information that is useful for the organizational purpose to attain competitive advantage and superior performance. In a real world situation, it can be described that when anyone memorizes any information, then it combines the knowledge (Liew, 2007). Knowledge also has useful meaning for the information that is settled in the mind of a human. In computer phrasing, all the application contains stored knowledge that is exercised by applicants. From the list of IT theories, knowledge-based theory of the firm is selected as an IT theory. This theory contains the  most important strategic resource of the firm that is information. Information is the processed data that is converted into the data to use in a firm. The supporter of this theory argued that it is a quite difficult and socially complex theory to sustain competitive advantages and superi or corporate performance from the market (Leonard & Swap, 2005). This theory is based on the heterogeneous knowledge and information of the firm. In this theory, the firm to take strategic actions effectively uses knowledge. Information is gathered by the organization from the organizational people. The data is quite applicable in the knowledge-based theory of firm, because data is the important part of the organizational processes. These data are used by the organization to make identity, policies, routines, documents, systems for the organization and its employees. The data is recorded and reported by the organizational people (Leonard & Swap, 2005). The subordinates provide this data to its superior that is maintained by the top managers. For example, all the firms use the financial and accounting data to take further data. Strategic management is another way that develops and expands the resource-based view of the firm (Levinson, 2007). Thus, it requires the data as well as information to improve the knowledge based on the resources. All three terms are different from each other due to use in the knowledge based management theory. It is because knowledge can be memorized, but data cannot be memorized since it is not properly managed by anyone. The knowledge provides the effe ctive results by applying knowledge-based theory of firm. At the same time, organization uses the information by converting organizational data into information form (Liew, 2007). References 1. Leonard, D. & Swap, W. (2005). The Knowledge Coach. HBS Working Knowledge. Retrieved March 6, 2012 from: http://hbswk.hbs.edu/item/4562.html. 2. Lerner, V.S. (2004). Introduction to information systems theory: concepts, formalism and applications. International Journal of Systems Science archive, 35 (7), 1-10. 3. Levinson, M. (2007). Knowledge Management Definition and Solutions. Retrieved March 6, 2012 from http://www.cio.com/article/print/40343. 4. Liew, A. (2007). Understanding Data, Information, Knowledge And Their Inter-Relationships. Journal of Knowledge Management Practice, 8 (2), 1-8. 5. Nickerson, J.A. & Zenger, T.R. (2004) A Knowledge-Based Theory of the Firm: The Problem Solving Perspective. Organization Science 00 (0), 1-16.

Mood Disorder, an Umbrella Term to a Host of Disorders

Mood disorder: this is a group of diagnosis in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM IV TR) which classifies mental health, this particular one is when a person's mood is seen to be the underlying cause of mental health issues. This umbrellas a host of disorders, such as; Bipolar Disease (SD), Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), and also less severe depressions such as dysthymic or cyclothymic.Some mood disorders can be substance induced, (due to someone's drug use) or alcohol induced, and other mood disorders could be Just one episode or recurrent. Personality disorders: social disorders, characterised by an individual's pattern of behaviour, cognition, and inner experience, these patterns of behaviour are developed early on and are seen to be inflexible and cause distress and/or disability.For the pattern of behaviour to be classed as a disorder it means that the patterns displayed by the individual deviates from the social norms of the majority of society. Pe rsonality disorders: this is a term that covers several forms of mental disorders, which are characterised by excessive worrying, uneasiness, fearfulness and pprehension about future uncertainties, which could be based upon real or imagined events. These can then affect an individual's physical and psychological health.Some people can experience continuous episodes of these symptoms whilst others are less frequent, so are classified as either generalised anxiety disorders or phobias. 1. 2) the strengths of the classification system are that it is structured and allows medical professionals to recognise the disorders and make an informed diagnosis. However there are limitations: it is very black and white and doesn't give ccount for other reasons as to why a disorder could occur, such as someone being in severe pain, or having social difficulties such as bullying.It also doesn't consider that there could be an overlapping of disorders, and therefore can have a detrimental effect on d iagnosis and delay the diagnosis and treatment in some circumstances. 1. 3) there are alternative frameworks for the diagnosis of mental distress. The first is the biological and medical frame work which considers factors such as brain defects, results of accidents and hereditary diseases when diagnosing any mental distress.There is also a behavioural framework which considers how learned habits can effect an individual and how external stressors combined with the individuals personality can cause result in mental disorder. 1. 4) If an individual is suffering from a mental distress or disorder the symptoms of this can be shown in varies ways and medical practitioners will be vigilant to these when diagnosing the individual.The symptoms shown can include: The individual feeling sad or down for periods of time The individual withdrawing themselves from social situations Dramatic changes in he individuals eating habits The individual's refusal to take care of them self, (personal hygie ne, changing clothes, looking after their property) Low energy, extreme tiredness Paranoia Hallucinations Excessive worrying or feeling of guilt over real or imagined events Confusion Extreme highs and extreme lows in the individuals mood Anger towards others, particular those close to them and without due reason Hostility and violence towards others or themselves Changes in the individuals sex drive Suicidal thoughts Inability to cope with daily tasks and stressors Abuse of alcohol or drugs Sometimes the symptoms can come in the form of a physical pain in the individua'ls chest, abdomen, back, head, and other unexplained aches and pains. It is often a close friend, family member or care giver that notices these changes in a person that must be reported and recorded.If I was to notice these changes in an individual in my care it would be my duty to approach the subject with the individual if they have the capacity, I would discuss with my manager the best course of action to take an d ollow this through, it could be that I need to contact the individuals next of kin, GP, or social worker. 2. 1) An individual could experience a lot of forms of discrimination due to misinformation, misinterpretation and common stereotypes society has. Potential or current employers could deter from a person's potential or ability due to not understanding how a mental disorder could affect someone, and in this case it could prove to make the individuals condition worse. Friends and family members can begin to fear the behaviour of the individual and thus withdraw from them. the individual has carers attending to them, the carers could become fearful or put up personal barriers. They could be treated with caution by all people known to them. 2. 2) Mental ill health can impact an individual in numerous ways. Psychologically and emotionally: the individual may become withdrawn further from social groups and or family members who could add to their ill health. Mental health issues can impact a person's self-esteem and self-worth, which would cause them to feel more down and possibly have suicidal thoughts or tendencies. An individual's family and friends could become concerned about the individual, and therefore try to be there for them more, visit more regularly, and this would put a strain on them personally.Practically and financially: an individual's mental ill health could affect their ability to work, therefore can have a detrimental effect on their ability to pay their bills and/or live day to day. It can affect the person's ability to fill out forms when looking for a Job, or paperwork for their current role. They may also be unable to cope with everyday iving such as looking after themselves, family members or their property. If a person is suffering from mental ill health and is experiencing symptoms such as violence, paranoia and inability their fellow work force would be impacted as they may not want to work this person, it could leave them in danger or with an extra work load, or themselves not wanting to go to work as their work environment is disrupted.Using services: the individual may withdraw from services they are already using; such as day centres. They could feel unable to talk to people and therefore not enlist the aid f services such as social services, day centres, GPs, other medical services. on the individuals close family and friends. It could add extra pressure onto them to be there for the individual, and to take on further responsibility where they are concerned Positive impacts: when a mental disorder is untreated or undiagnosed the individual can become stuck, and not see a way forward, therefore viewing everything negatively and in turn this can cause the mental distress to spiral out of control.This can also affect the individuals family and friends who are trying to help, and trying to ive them positive thoughts and suggestions, they may end up feeling like they should no longer bother to help, this would then result in them possibly giving up leaving the individual feeling more alone than ever. 2. 4) There are benefits to the individual, their family and social network and society with early intervention of an individual's mental health. The earlier a disorder is detected means that It can be treated early and recent studies have shown that early intervention means relapses are less likely, as is hospitalisation, and symptoms can be less severe.

A Tale Of Two Cities Introduction

A Tale Of Two Cities Introduction Essay In the fictitious novel Tale of Two Cities, the author, Charles Dickens, lays out a brilliant plot. Charles Dickens was born inEngland on February 7, 1812 near the south coast. His family moved to London when he was ten years old and quickly went into debt. To help support himself, Charles went to work at a blacking warehouse when he was twelve. His father was soon imprisoned for debt and shortly thereafter the rest of the family split apart. Charles continued to work at the blacking warehouse even after his father inherited some money and got out of prison. When he was thirteen, Dickens went back to school for two years. He later learned shorthand and became a freelance court reporter. He started out as a journalist at theage of twenty and later wrote his first novel, The Pickwick Papers. He went on to write many other novels, including Tale of Two Cities in 1859. Tale of Two Cities takes place in France and England during the troubled times of the French Revolution. There are travels by the characters between the countries, but most of the action takes place in Paris, France. The wineshop in Paris is the hot spot for the French revolutionists, mostly because the wineshop owner, Ernest Defarge, and his wife, Madame Defarge, are key leaders and officials of the revolution. Action in the book is scattered out in many places; such as the Bastille, Tellsons Bank, the home of the Manettes, and largely, the streets of Paris. These places help to introduce many characters into the plot. One of the main characters, Madame Therese Defarge, is a major antagonist who seeks revenge, being a key revolutionist. She is very stubborn and unforgiving in her cunning scheme of revenge on the Evermonde family. Throughout the story, she knits shrouds for the intended victims of the revolution. Charles Darnay, one of whom Mrs. Defarge is seeking revenge, is coneztly being put on the ezd and wants no part of his own lineage. He is a languid protagonist and has a tendency to get arrested and must be bailed out several times during the story. Dr. Alexander Manette, a veteran prisoner of the Bastille and moderate protagonist, cannot escape the memory of being held and sometimes relapses to cobbling shoes. Dr. Manette is somewhat redundant as a character in the novel, but plays a very significant part in the plot. Dr. Manettes daughter, Lucie Manette, a positive protagonist, is loved by many and marries Charles Darnay . She is a quiet, emotional person and a subtle protagonist in the novel. One who never forgot his love for Lucie, the protagonist Sydney Carton changed predominately during the course of the novel. Sydney , a look-alike of Charles Darnay, was introduced as a frustrated, immature alcoholic, but in the end, made the ultimate sacrifice for a good friend. These and other characters help to weave an interesting and dramatic plot. Dr. Manette has just been released from the Bastille, and Lucie, eager to meet her father whom she thought was dead, goes with Mr. Jarvis Lorry to bring him back to England. Dr. Manette is in an insane state from his long prison stay and does nothing but cobble shoes, although he is finally persuaded to go to England. Several years later, Lucie, Dr. Manette, and Mr. Lorry are witnesses at the trial of Charles Darnay. Darnay, earning his living as a tutor, frequently travels between England and France and is accused of treason in his home country of France. He is saved from being prosecuted by Sydney Carton, who a witness confuses for Darnay, thus not making the case positive. Darnay ended up being acquitted for his presumed crime. Darnay and Carton both fall in love with Lucie and want to marry her. Carton, an alcoholic at the time, realizes that a relationship with Lucie is impossible, but he still tells her that he loves her and would do anything for her. Darnay and Lucie marry ea ch other on thepremises of the two promises between Dr. Manette and Darnay. Right after the marriage, while the newlyweds are on their honeymoon, Dr. Manette has a relapse and cobbles shoes for nine days straight. READ: Lysistrata Argumentative Essay Frances citizens arm themselves for a revolution and, led by the Defarges, start the revolution by raiding the Bastille. Shortlybefore the start of the revolution, the Marquis runs over a child in the streets of Paris. He is assassinated soon after by Gaspard, the childs father, who is also a part of the revolution. Three years later, right in the middle of the revolution, Darnay is called to France to help Gabelle, an old friend. As soon as he goes down what seems to be a one-way street to France, he is arrested (in France) for being an enemy of the state. Dr. Manette, Lucie, and the Darnays daughter go shortly after to Paris to see if they can be of any help to Charles. When the delayed trial finally takes place, Dr. Manette, who is in the peoples favor, uses his influence to free Charles. The same day, Charles is re-arrested on charges set forth by the Defarges and one other mystery person. The next day, at a trial that had absolutely no delay , Charles is convicted and sentenced to death. Because of the despondent situation, Dr. Manette has a relapse and cobbles shoes. Sydney Carton overhears plot to kill Lucie, herdaughter, and Dr. Manette and has them immediately get ready to leave the country. Carton, having spy contacts, gets into the prison in which Darnay is being held, drugs him and switches places with him. Lucie, Charles, and their daughter successfully leave the country. Sydney Carton, making the ultimate sacrifice, partly for Lucie, goes to the guillotine in place of Charles. Just before he dies, Carton has a vision in which society is greatly improved and the Darnays have a son named after him. This dramatic plot revolves around several central themes. One theme involves revenge. Ones bad side is brought out by the evil effects of revenge. Madame Defarge is the main subject of this implicit theme. She turns into a killing machine because she must get revenge. An example of this is when she finds out Charles Darnay is an Evermonde and is going to marry Lucie Manette. She knits Darnays name into the death register. Another key theme in the novel has to do with courage and sacrifice. There were many sacrifices in this novel by many different characters. The ultimate sacrifice was made by Sydney Carton. Because of his love for Lucie and his friendship with Darnay,Carton is the example of one of the most important themes implied in this book. Carton helps others, and does not think so much of himself. Right before going to the guillotine, Carton sees a better world, a world where he gave to others, not thinkingof himself. These themes help outline an interesting story.

Assignment Privacy Issues and Monetizing Twitter Essay

Assignment Privacy Issues and Monetizing Twitter - Essay Example For Twitter, earning income can be done through activities such as promoted tweets and sales of analytic tools and services to advertisers. As Twitter employs a number of its users’ private information such as names, email address, pictures, videos and the like, the founders of Twitter should ensure that whatever step they decide to take to produce income will not result to a violation of their users’ privacy. Four years after it went live in 2006, Twitter began planning to make the site generate income. Valued at US$1 billion and with over four billion tweets from users worldwide (Fraiha 1), founders of Twitter do have a lot to lose if their strategy for earning income will overstep legal boundaries on privacy, not only of the United States but of all countries with Twitter users. Together with Google and Microsoft, Twitter is considering dabbling in data-mining and make use of their large database to earn revenue. Unfortunately, existing issues regarding privacy is making the three companies stop and consider whether the idea is viable or not. 2. There are several stakeholders in this case. First are the billions of users inside and outside the United States. They are what made Twitter become popular and the reason the company is worth billions. If Twitter’s monetizing scheme would violate privacy laws, it is the users’ personal information that is at stake. The second stakeholders would be the companies and individuals that are now enjoying free advertisement via â€Å"tweets† to Twitter users. Since Twitter has a worldwide user base that â€Å"tweet† in real time, pre- and post sales marketing is faster than traditional advertisement. (Fraiha 5) Requiring fees in exchange for posting advertisements would be one way for Twitter to generate income. Moreover, this may help in regulating the â€Å"advertising tweets† and, for users, avoid getting unwanted â€Å"marketing tweets†. Competitors of Twitter

Equity and Trusts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Equity and Trusts - Essay Example The difference arises because the common law only recognized legal ownership and gave no effect to trusts, which were enforceable only in equity. Legal interests in any assets are therefore rights in rem, enforceable against anyone; equitable interests were at first rights only in personam, enforceable against the trustee personally. Equity, however would not enforce a trust against any innocent buyer who knows nothing about the trust, as that enforcement would itself be inequitable, and so an equitable right is still not as strong as a legal right. These equitable rules became embodied in what is known as the doctrine of notice. This can be expressed as the following maxims: â€Å"Legal rights are good against the whole world; equitable rights are good against all persons except a bonafide purchaser of the legal estate for value without notice of the equitable interests in that land, and those claiming under him† This bonafide purchaser is often known as â€Å"equity’s darling†. The essential features of this privilege person are that he is: 1) Bona fide – Any dishonesty, sharp practice will forfeit equity’s protection. 2) Purchaser for Value – â€Å"purchaser† excludes those who inherit the property or acquire it by operation of law. â€Å"for value†, while it does not necessarily mean â€Å"full value†, means money or money’s worth or marriage. The decision of the House of Lords in Midland Bank Trust Co Ltd v Green 1981 AC 513 shows that the consideration need not be adequate. ... against the trustee personally. Equity, however would not enforce a trust against any innocent buyer who knows nothing about the trust, as that enforcement would itself be inequitable, and so an equitable right is still not as strong as a legal right. These equitable rules became embodied in what is known as the doctrine of notice. This can be expressed as the following maxims: "Legal rights are good against the whole world; equitable rights are good against all persons except a bonafide purchaser of the legal estate for value without notice of the equitable interests in that land, and those claiming under him"3 This bonafide purchaser is often known as "equity's darling". The essential features of this privilege person are that he is: 1) Bona fide - Any dishonesty, sharp practice or other inequitable practice will forfeit equity's protection. 2) Purchaser for Value - "purchaser" excludes those who inherit the property or acquire it by operation of law. "for value", while it does not necessarily mean "full value", means money or money's worth or marriage. The decision of the House of Lords in Midland Bank Trust Co Ltd v Green 1981 AC 5134 shows that the consideration need not be adequate. 3) Of a legal estate - This is essential; the purchaser of equitable interest5 is in general bound by prior equitable interests whether he had notice of them or not. 4) Without notice - The purchaser must have no knowledge of the equitable interest at the time he purchased his interest. There are three types of notices:a) actual notice - this must be within his own knowledge and must not be nearly a vague reference,

Management of the End-Stage Kidney Disease Essay - 21

Management of the End-Stage Kidney Disease - Essay Example This article shall address the proper management of a patient suffering from ESKD, focusing from the time of admission to discharge (Dalrymple et al. 2011). Nursing need assessment tool is one of the tools that shall be employed to develop the patient profile and assist in the plan for her management. This tool is very essential in addressing the needs of an older patient who require long-term care due to a chronic condition. The tool addresses the patient holistically and embraces professional decision-making. In addition, the tool makes the assessment in a staged approach by deviating from the conventional narrative approach to a focused assessment approach. Another tool that shall be employed is the nursing care plan, which shall help in addressing the patient problem and plan the management accordingly. The key health problems for CherylWarra Allen are the renal failure, hypertension and diabetes mellitus. These health problems are prioritised in that order because of their impact on the health status of the patient. Kidney failure has got a fatal result if not urgently managed this is because it leads to accumulation of several toxic wastes as well as fluid in the body. Accumulation of nitrogenous waste and urea in the blood leads to uraemia, which is a fatal cause of confusion and coma in patients with kidney failure. In addition, the state of the patient confusion makes it difficult to treat the patient since the patient shall not cooperate during the treatment process. The patient may remove the gas mask or other intravenous medication that she is being given. Renal failure leads to accumulation of fluid in the body, which is as a result of inadequate excretion of fluid by the kidney. Accumulation of fluid in the body leads to adverse effect such as difficulty in breathing. When fluid accumulates on around the lungs and adnexa tissues, the lungs and the diaphragm may get compressed leading to shallow breathing and ultimately lead to exertion. Excess accumulation within the pleural cavity leads to excess difficulty in breathing and the patient shall require a gas mask or other assisted breathers otherwise the patient can die within a short time due to shortness of breath.  Ã‚  

IFRS and GAAP Convergence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

IFRS and GAAP Convergence - Essay Example When the financial statements are available in annual reports, it is the responsibility of the managers to evaluate and discuss results of company performance. External parties use these financial statements to analyze the company’s financial performance. Therefore, external users of financial statements are requires to be familiar with the tools and techniques which are used in financial performance analysis (Needles, Powers and Crosson, 2010, p.1270). Financial analysis includes the analysis of income statement and the assets and liabilities in the balance sheet. It can be done by implementing various tools and techniques such as: common size financial statements, comparative financial statements, ratio analysis, trend analysis, fund flow statement and cash flow statement (Murthy and Gurusamy, 2009, pp.8-9). Accounting Convergence A single set of global accounting standards has to be developed that would be used internationally for international and domestic financial report ing. In order to persuade this practice, the International Accounting Standard Board (IASB) and the US Financial accounting Standard Board (FASB) signed a memorandum of understanding, honoring their commitment towards the convergence of International Accounting Standards and the U.S. ... After the IASB and FASB liberated their disclosure draft on revenue recognition, they got many comments which include the lack of transparency about the transfer of control of services, the accounting for warranties, difficulties in recognizing and separating performance obligations, and the model proposed for licenses of intellectual property. It is found that the proposed standard will cause in the considerable shift in how revenues is documented in many situations. Most respondents believe that the proposed standard will have high impact on their financial reporting and in the process of implementing this standard, additional technology and resources will be required. More or less 41% of the respondent agrees upon the implementation of the IFRS in either 2015 or 2016. Difference between U.S. GAAP and IFRS There are many differences between the U.S GAAP and IFRS rules regarding the revenue recognition, provisions and contingencies, income taxes, leases, financial instruments, intan gible assets, interim financial reporting, and the financial statement presentation. But the most important difference would be in the financial statement presentation. Under the US GAAP rules, normally comparative financial statements are prepared, though a single year may be accessible in certain events. For the public companies, balance sheets for the two most current years are needed, whereas other statements must contain three year period which should be ended on the balance sheet date. Under IFRS rules, comparative information must be revealed with respect to the prior period for all amounts which are shown in the financial statements. Under US GAAP rules,

Pregnancy as it pertains to MRI Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Pregnancy as it pertains to MRI - Essay Example These particles produce signals due to Radio waves that are collected by a receiver within the scanner. These signals are characterized with the use of varying magnetic field and are further processed by a computer in order to create ultra sharp images of tissues in the form of "slices" that can be viewed in any plane and from any direction. The key advantage of MRI is that it causes no pain and the responsible magnetic fields cause no damage of any kind to human tissues. The MR scanner used may generate considerably loud tapping or knocking noises during the process but it can be prevented using earplugs. A patient can easily communicate with the technologist or radiologist at any instant with the use of an intercom. The magnetic field generated in the MR system is quite powerful and will attract Ferro-magnetic objects and can cause them to move suddenly and with a considerable force. Thus, there can be a risk to the person in the flight path of the object. Due to this reason, great care is taken and ferromagnetic objects like screwdrivers and oxygen tanks are not allowed into the MR system area. A patient is asked to remove all kind of metallic belongings like watches and jewelry before going for an MRI. The magnetic field of the MR system is of considerable magnitude and can pull on any iron-containing object in the body like medication pumps or aneurysm clips. Every MRI facility has a strict protocol that ensures that the MRI technologist and radiologist know about the presence of all metallic implants and materials so that special precautions can be taken. Sometimes, even the exam may have to be canceled. In case a bullet or other metallic fragments are present in the body, there is a risk that it could change position leading to an injury. A metallic implant can not only distort the MR images but also make it difficult for the MRI system to tune to your body. It is not possible to avoid it but allowance can be made while interpreting the images only if the radiologist is aware of their presence. Some MRI examines a gadolinium that may be injected into a vein in order to help the interpretation. a gadolinium is a contrast agent that does not contain iodine like those materials which are commonly used in x-ray process and hence rarely causes any problem or allergic reaction. Preparation for MRI The patient is asked to wear a special gown during the MRI study. The person (generally a friend or relative) accompanying you will be asked questions regarding the presence of implants and will be instructed to remove all metal objects from pockets and hair even before entering the room. A screening form is filled to ensure that the patient may safely enter

ANZ Bank Based on Porters Five Force Model Case Study

ANZ Bank Based on Porters Five Force Model - Case Study Example Substitutes are those products which are quite different in form but which offer a real alternative to the industry competitor’s product (Michael E Porter and sustainable competitive advantage, Chapter 4, p.40). A threat of substitute products means the easiness in changing consumer behavior to opt for substitute products. For example, ANZ is facing stiff challenges from other prominent banks domestically and internationally. Competitors always try to produce goods of the same quality at cheaper prices. The availability of more attractive substitute products will drive away customers from ANZ. ANZ is currently focusing more in the Asian market. â€Å"In a number of Asian countries, foreign banks cannot enter the market on an unrestricted basis† (Lewis, 2007). The restrictions in this region are a big handicap for ANZ. For the ample, Indian national banks can offer many products to their customers like mutual funds, term deposits, etc whereas it is difficult for ANZ to o ffer such products to Indian customers. The threat of new entrants depends on the barriers to entry. Barriers to entry depend on economies of scale, product differentiation capital requirements etc (Michael E Porter and sustainable competitive advantage, Chapter 4, p.35). The threat of new entrants in the second element in the analysis of an organization with respect to Porter’s five force theory. New entrants always weaken the power of an organization. In the case of ANZ, globalization has raised many concerns about the entry of new international banks in Australia and other countries. It is easy for an Indian or Chinese bank to establish the business in Australia at present because of the liberalized market conditions. In fact, the recent recession has destroyed the backbone of many of the Australian banking organizations like ANZ. On the other hand, China has not faced much trouble with respect to the recession and hence it is easy for Chinese banks to enter the Australian market and raise challenges to ANZ.

Power Versus Domination Essay Example for Free

Power Versus Domination Essay Although Foucault’s methodology of archaeology and genealogy of knowledge contribute greatly to the study of history of knowledge but contrary to general facts of social science. Foucault’s archaeology and genealogy of knowledge produce outstanding works such as History of Madness and History of Sexuality. But, in fact, in theory and practice of social change there is no relation between power and domination. But on the other hand, Foucault’s methodology makes us more sensitive to relation between power and domination. Thus, why is obviously contradict to general fact of science. Foucault with the method of archaeology and genealogy proved that the history about the healing of the mad in ancient times and now is under the influence of power and domination. In Foucault’s History of madness he tried to explain about how to heal ‘mad people’. In the past, treatment of mad people were exiled to a desert island. Meanwhile, the treatment is more human than the people made by being placed in the ‘clinic’. But because of power and domination this treatment is more restrained treatment or even torture. That why, Foucault’s methodologies contribute to the history of knowledge. However, Foucaults methodologies contradict the reality of social science. the general fact of science showed that there is no relation between power and domination. In short, power is not to dominate, and domination is not to support power. Power does not control all aspects of life whether personal life or social. It showed by the existence of ‘human right’. The reality of social science tends to ignore the power in the world of science. For me knowledge is a neutral, objective and innocent. So, Foucault’s methodologies are opposed to the assumption that knowledge is a neutral, objective and innocent.

The Relationship Of Organization Structure Commerce Essay

The Relationship Of Organization Structure Commerce Essay The purpose of this report understands you about the organization behavior. To that it includes organization structure, cultures, leadership styles, management approaches, and motivational theories to understand you about the organization behavior. For you to understand this terms this report uses Google and Creative Solutions. Google is a international IT based company which provide various kind of information to the world. Larry page and Sergey Brin are the founders of Google Company. Creative Solutions is also IT based company in Sri Lanka. By using this two companies you can understand how they using different organization structure, cultures, leadership styles, management approaches, and motivational theories to understand you about the organization behavior. Task 01 The Relationship of Organization Structure and Organization Culture (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google, 2012) Section 01 LO1.1 Compare and Contrast Organization Structure and Culture. In ICT Industry, theres lots of companies in the world and in Sri Lanka that doing their operations. They provided many services to the people. Google is one of famous and leading ICT Company in the world. Google is founded by two PhD students in Stanford University, the massive search engine Google officially launched in September of 1998. These two university students develop this Google very fast. The term of Google become officially in 2006, the term pop-up regularly in our normal conversation Just Google it . Newsdays everyone knows about the Google and its the most popular searching engine in the network. Creative Solutions is has assisted international companies with software development, maintenance, support and quality assurance since 1999. By providing a high quality, cost-effective service out of their state of the art Research and development centre in Sri Lanka, they help their clients meet their deadlines and achieve higher level of profitability. An organization structure a consists of activities such as task allocation, coordination and supervision, which are directed towards the achieved of organizational aims. It can also be considered as the viewing glass or perspective through which individuals see their organization and its environment. And the Organization culture is the collective behavior of humans who are part of an organization and the meanings that the people attach to their actions. Larry Page and Sergey Brin founded Google in September 1998. Since then, the company has grown to more than 30.000 employees worldwide with a management team that represents some of the most experienced technology professionals in the industry. Executive Officers Larry Page CEO Eric E.Schmidt Executive Chairmen Sergey Brin Co-Founder Nikesh Arora Senior Vice President And Chief Business Officer David C. Drummond Senior Vice President, Corporate Development and Chief Legal Officer Patrick Pichette Senior Vice President And Senior Financial Officer Senior Leadership Alan Eustace Amit Singhal Andy Rubin Dennis Woodside Jeff Huber Kent Walker Laszlo Bock Rachel Whetstone Salar Kamangar Shone Brown Sridhar Ramaswami Sundar Pichai Susan Wojcicki Urs Hoelzle Vis Gundotra Board of Directors. Larry Page CEO Sergey Brin Co-Founder Eric E.Schidmit L. John Doerr Diane B Greene John L Hennessy Ann Mather Paul S Ottelline K Ram Shriram Shirly L Tilghman And this is the normal structure of the Creative Solutions, In this two organization their organization structure is different to each other. Google is the fourth-most admired company in the United States. Google was also listed as the top company to work for in both 2007 and 2008. Google is a one of most popular organization that many employees like to have jobs there. The main reason for this employee admiration is Googles cross functional organizational structure, which the company maintains though seller leadership and innovative management techniques. And in the Creative Solutions using a functional organization structure. A functional organization structure is best suited as a producer of standardized goods and services at large volume and low cost.   The culture in an organization plays a major role in the organization. The culture in an organization helps to attract the best talent available in the industry. Google was the one of few companies that successfully blended technology innovation with strong organization culture. The culture in the Google is very interesting, motivate and attractive. Culture in Creative Solution is same as the Google, but exactly not like that. Because the culture in Creative Solution also is very motivate, interesting and attractive. They using small methods to attract innovative people and good customers. LO1. 2 The Relationship between Organization Culture and Structure (http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/organizational-culture.html, 2012) (http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-the-relationship-between-organizational-structure-and-organizational-culture.htm, 2012) The Organization Culture in Organization is a major role. Organizational structure and organizational culture have a dependent relationship with one another. In the business world, management structure determines the behaviors, attitudes, dispositions, and ethics that create the work culture. If a companys organizational structure is strictly hierarchical, with decisions making power centralized at the top, the companys culture will likely reflect a lack of freedom and autonomy at the lower levels. If the companys management structure is decentralized, with shared power and authority at all levels, the culture is likely to be more independent, personalized and accountable. Its really easy to work in that structure. The way company allocates power and authority determines how employees behave. These choices manifest in a companys organizational structure and organizational culture. Most companies use a hierarchical structure that looks like a pyramid. The chief executive or president sits at the very top of pyramid. Other officers directly report to him. In the Google, there organizational structure and organizational culture also connected to one another. There hire people who smart and determined, and they favor ability over experience. Although Googlers share common goals and visions for the company, they hail from all walks of life and speak dozens of language, reflecting the global audience that they serve. And they not at work, Googlers pursue interests ranging from cycling to beekeeping, from Frisbee to foxtrot. They strive to maintain the open culture often associated with startups, in which everyone is a hands-on contributor and feels comfortable sharing ideas and opinions. In their weekly all-hands meetings not to mention over e-mail or in the cafà ©_ Googlers ask questions directly to Larry, Serge and other execs about any number of companys issues. Their officers and cafes are designed to encourage interaction between Googlers within and across teams, and speak conversations about works as well as play. The organizationa l structure is very different because they are made up of many shareholders that have a say in what the company does and turns into. In Creative Solutions, their culture and structure attached to each other. The culture in Creative Solutions is very interesting and very motivate, and they using a functional organizational structure. Its best suited as a producer of standardized goods and services at large volume and low cost. LO2.2 Organizational Theory (http://management.blurtit.com/q7346416.html, 2012) Organizational theory and management theory is used in many aspects of a working business. Many people strive to adhere to the theory to help them become better at their jobs or more successful in life, although this may lead to them having to sacrifice some of their personal principles in order to succeed. One example of following organizational theory in the financial sector would be an employee or manager who wants to know how to achieve goals by having a set structure to follow. In addition, someone in a Human Resources sector will have to make decisions throughout their working day that will undoubtedly change the structure and practice of a working day for all other employees in the company. If an individual gets so wrapped up in trying to fit the mould of what they interpret their role should be in terms of organizational theory, they may start to neglect other areas of business. In the same way, management theory may also underpin the personal values of some individuals. For instance, they may disagree with a particular rule or regulation that has been introduced by the company, however in order to carry out their job as a manager effectively and professionally, they need to move away from their principles and execute the job. It is difficult to try to execute both management and organizational theories as a psychological contract between the employer and employee still needs to be maintained. This will need to consider how fairly the company is treating the employee and how fairly the employee is treating the company, i.e. are they actually putting 100 percent effort into their work? Any changes to the organization or management in a company, is undoubtedly going to have an effect on all of this. LO2.3 Different Approaches to Management used by Google and Creative Solutions. Google Human behavior approach. This is based on psychology and social psychology. It means management should understand about the human behavior. Management should increasing productivity through motivation and good human relations. In Google they creating friendly, peaceful and relaxed environment for their employees. In Google, their employees highly motivated to their duty well. They maintain a simple and open communication structure. Google has a flat structure that uses cross hierarchical, cross functional teams and they good at decision making. Relationship approach. This means keeping a good cultural relationship. Relationships exist among the external as well as internal environment of the organization. Cooperation among group members is necessary for the achievement of organization objectives. For effective management, efforts should be made for establishing harmony between goals of the organization and the various groups therein. In Google they maintaining with the Laissez- Faire style. This will help to keep to good, strong relationship between employees and the leaders in the Google. Selecting employees approach. In Google, they selected their employees in a special way. They get billions of application in a year. So they are maintaining a good employees selecting system. They are selecting people with good skilled, good personality and with high academic achievements because its easy work with them and its saving Googles money. Creative Solutions Culture approach Creative solutions create a good, friendly and attractive environment for their employees that can work easily. Its always encouraging the employee to do their best and highly motivated. Keeping same leadership style In Creative Solutions they using Democratic Leadership styles, and its help them to encourage their employees to make good decisions and sharing ideas. Interpersonal behavior. Creative Solution always focusing on their employees interpersonal behavior. So that they always selecting, training their employees to make them as good, skill full employees. Section 2 LO2.1 Different Leadership Styles There are different leadership styles in an organization they used to have a successful growth. There are three leadership styles in management, Autocratic Leadership Style Democratic Leadership Style Laissez-Faire Leadership Style In Google they are using Laissez-Faire Leadership Style. The French fraise means leave it be. It describes a leader leave his her colleagues to get on with their works. These types of leadership works for teams in which the individuals are very experienced and skilled self-starters. The Company hired smart engineers, promoted most brilliant into leadership positions and then pretty much left them alone. The reason to do that, they were smart and if they have any problem they figure it out or ask questions if they needed help. Google took time and effort to find out the leadership qualities that are most important in their culture. And in the Creative Solutions, they using the same leadership style in their culture. The effectiveness of this Laissez-Faire Leadership style is final responsibility still lies with the leader. The Laissez Faire leader lets her followers have free reign over the approach, the decision making and basically all aspects in getting the job done. In Creative Solutions they are using democratic leadership style in their structure. Democratic Leadership style, leader will take the final decision, and he/she invites other team members to contribute the decisions-making process. By involving this increase the job satisfaction and also develop the peoples skills, and so motivated to work hard. This style takes more time to take things happen, but the end result is better. LO3.1 -Faced the Technological Breakdown Using Different Leadership Styles Last week theres a huge technological breakdown, and its effect to the whole industry. Because of that most companies in the industry has fallen down in their operations. This technological breakdown not only effect to the industry, its effect to the share market also. And also it effect to the industry in worldwide. In this situation Google is different leadership styles to face this technological breakdown. And Creative Solutions also using different leadership styles to face this technological breakdown. Normally Google is using Laissez-Faire Leadership style in their organization and Creative Solution using Democratic Leadership style in their organization. But in this case its better if they use all three leadership styles, because good leaders use all this three leadership styles to get the best result in their activity. By using all three leadership styles in this case, we can avoid this technological breakdown. In autocratic leadership style leaders tell their employees to what they want done and how they want it accomplished, without getting the advice from their followers, its better use it is when you have all the information to solve the problem, you are on short time and your employees well motivated. And this is using for only rare occasions. In democratic leadership style, involves leader including one or more employees in the decision making process, it allows them to become part of the team and allows you to make better process. And the leader maintains the final decision. By using all this three types of leadership styles its easy to identify the problem and faced it well, and also its good for the employees motivation. Section 3 LO3.2- Motivational Theory (http://www.managementstudyguide.com/maslows-hierarchy-needs-theory.htm, 2012) Motivation is a word divided from Latin word movere, meaning to move. Motivation is a general term applying to the entire class of drives, desires, needs, wishes, and similar forces. Motivation can be either positive or negative. Its a process that accounts for an individuals intensity, direction and persistence of effort toward attaining an organizational goal. Diagram 01. There are Three Major Motivational Theories in management. Maslows Hierarchy Theory of Needs Aldefers ERG Theory Herzbergs Motivation-Hygiene Theory Maslows Hierarchy Theory based on the assumption that there is a hierarchy of five needs within each individual. This Maslows Hierarchy Theory most often display like a pyramid. The lower level in the pyramid, are made for the most basic needs and the complex needs are in the top of the pyramid. Each one of these needs significantly satisfied its drives and forced to the next level. Applying this Maslows Hierarchy Theory to the Creative Solutions, we can identify what are the higher-order needs and what are the lower-level needs and then can find a way to satisfy them. In Aldefers ERG theory, he recatogorized Maslows Hierarchy Theory of Needs into three simple categorized. They are, Existence Needs Relatedness needs Growth Needs Diagram 02 Existence Relatedness Growth Applying this into the Creative Solutions we can identify the most concrete needs and satisfy them. Existence needs are the most concrete needs and after satisfying them we can think about the next level and its automatically jump into the next level. In Herzbergs Motivation-Hygiene Theory, there are two kind of factors affect on motivation and they are Hygiene factors and motivators. Hygiene factors determine dissatisfaction and motivators determine satisfaction. Herzbergs theory confirms that only satisfaction can make a good productivity. Applying this to the Creative Solutions they avoid unpleasantness at work and create job satisfaction in the working environment. So its help to made a good service to the customer LO3.3 Motivational Theory for Managers (http://www.accel-team.com/motivation/, 2012) As a motivational theory Herzbergs Motivation-Hygiene Theory is suitable for the managers in Creative Solution. Applying this motivational theory to the Creative Solutions, it helps to motivate managers and get the best result from them. There are two factors in Herzberg theory, they are Hygiene Factors Motivational Factors Hygiene factor are those are essential in a work place. If its not entered to the work place, then they lead to the dissatisfaction. These factors describe the job environment/scenario. Hygiene factors include, Pay. Companies Policies and Administrative Policies. Fringe Benefits. Physical Working Conditions. Status. Interpersonal Relations. Job Security. And motivational factors are motivating the employees to the superior performance. Motivational factors are called satisfiers. Motivational factors include, Recognition. Sense of Achievement. Growth and Promotional Activities.. Responsibility. Meaningfulness of the Work. The Two-Factor theory implies that the managers must stress upon guaranteeing the adequacy of the hygiene factors to avoid employee dissatisfaction. Also, the managers must make sure that the work is stimulating and rewarding so that the employees are motivated to work and give their best to the organization. The job must utilize the employees skills and give a good compete to the competitors. Focusing on the motivational factors can improve work-quality. Task 02 HR Manager Presentation in Google Conclusion The purpose of this report understands the organization behavior in the world. It can understand how the organization using different organization structures, cultures, motivational theories and leadership styles. For that this report uses Google and Creative Solutions as the international and local company. So that itll help to understand how these two organizations uses different organization structures, cultures, motivational theories and leadership styles.